2. Sim M. Psychological effects of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Korean J Med 2020;95:360-363.
3. Pfefferbaum B, North CS. Mental health and the Covid-19 pandemic. N Engl J Med 2020;383:510-512.
5. [COVID-19 mental health survey 2022] [Internet]. Available at:
http://kstss.kr/?p=2932. Accessed October 8, 2023. Korean.
6. Goffman E. Stigma. Notes on the management of spoiled identity. London: Penguin Books; 1963.
7. Corrigan P. How stigma interferes with mental health care. Am Psychol 2004;59:614-625.
9. Vogel DL, Shechtman Z, Wade NG. The role of public and self-stigma in predicting attitudes toward group counseling. Couns Psychol 2010;38:904-922.
10. Corrigan PW, Watson AC, Barr L. The self-stigma of mental illness: implications for self-esteem and self-efficacy. J Soc Clin Psychol 2006;25:875-884.
11. Williams J, Gonzalez-Medina D. Infectious diseases and social stigma. Appl Technol Innov 2011;4:58-70.
13. Campo-Arias A, Pedrozo-Pupo JC, Caballero-Domínguez CC. Relation of perceived discrimination with depression, insomnia and post-traumatic stress in COVID-19 survivors. Psychiatry Res 2022;307:114337
14. Mahmoudi H, Saffari M, Movahedi M, Sanaeinasab H, Rashidi-Jahan H, Pourgholami M, et al. A mediating role for mental health in associations between COVID-19-related self-stigma, PTSD, quality of life, and insomnia among patients recovered from COVID-19. Brain Behav 2021;11:e02138
15. Oh JH, Lee B, Choi M, Choi YH. [Stigma scarier than infection? Analysis of stigma patterns in COVID-19 headlines by epidemic period]. Korean J Advert Public Relat 2023;25:45-85. Korean.
17. Perlman D, Peplau LA. Toward a social psychology of loneliness. In: Duck S, Gilmour R, editors. Personal relationships in disorder. London: Academic Press, 1981. p.31-56.
18. Rotenberg KJ, Gruman JA, Ariganello M. Behavioral confirmation of the loneliness stereotype. Basic Appl Soc Psychol 2002;24:81-89.
20. Jones WH, Sansone C, Helm B. Loneliness and interpersonal judgments. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 1983;9:437-441.
21. Maes M, Qualter P, Vanhalst J, Van den Noortgate W, Goossens L. Gender differences in loneliness across the lifespan: a meta-analysis. Eur J Pers 2019;33:642-654.
22. Rotenberg KJ, Kmill J. Perception of lonely and non-lonely persons as a function of individual differences in loneliness. J Soc Pers Relatsh 1992;9:325-330.
29. Miret M, Caballero FF, Huerta-Ramírez R, Moneta MV, Olaya B, Chatterji S, et al. Factors associated with suicidal ideation and attempts in Spain for different age groups. Prevalence before and after the onset of the economic crisis. J Affect Disord 2014;163:1-9.
31. Hwang TJ, Rabheru K, Peisah C, Reichman W, Ikeda M. Loneliness and social isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Int Psychogeriatr 2020;32:1217-1220.
32. Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JB. Validation and utility of a self-report version of PRIME-MD: the PHQ primary care study. JAMA 1999;282:1737-1744.
33. Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JB, Löwe B. A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7. Arch Intern Med 2006;166:1092-1097.
35. Shin S, Kim SH. [The reliability and validity testing of Korean version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index]. J Converg Inf Technol 2020;10:148-155. Korean.
36. Hwang SJ, Hong JP, An JH, Kim MH, Jeong SH, Chang H. [Development and validation of loneliness and social isolation scale]. J Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc 2021;60:291-297. Korean.
39. de Sousa GM, Tavares VDO, de Meiroz Grilo MLP, Coelho MLG, de Lima-Araújo GL, Schuch FB, et al. Mental health in COVID-19 pandemic: a meta-review of prevalence meta-analyses. Front Psychol 2021;12:703838
46. Tackling the mental health impact of the COVID-19 crisis: an integrated, whole-of-society response [Internet]. Available at:
https://doi.org/10.1787/0ccafa0b-en. Accessed November 21, 2023.
47. Fancourt D, Steptoe A, Bu F. Trajectories of anxiety and depressive symptoms during enforced isolation due to COVID-19 in England: a longitudinal observational study. Lancet Psychiatry 2021;8:141-149.
49. McNally RJ, Robinaugh DJ, Wu GW, Wang L, Deserno MK, Borsboom D. Mental disorders as causal systems: a network approach to posttraumatic stress disorder. Clin Psychol Sci 2015;3:836-849.
50. Huang C, Huang L, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Gu X, et al. 6-month consequences of COVID-19 in patients discharged from hospital: a cohort study. Lancet 2021;397:220-232.
56. Bai F, Tomasoni D, Falcinella C, Barbanotti D, Castoldi R, Mulè G, et al. Female gender is associated with long COVID syndrome: a prospective cohort study. Clin Microbiol Infect 2022;28:611.e9-611.e16.
59. Graso M, Aquino K, Chen FX, Bardosh K. Blaming the unvaccinated during the COVID-19 pandemic: the roles of political ideology and risk perceptions in the USA. J Med Ethics 2024;50:246-252.
64. Gronholm PC, Nosé M, van Brakel WH, Eaton J, Ebenso B, Fiekert K, et al. Reducing stigma and discrimination associated with COVID-19: early stage pandemic rapid review and practical recommendations. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci 2021;30:e15.
66. Smith RA. Language of the lost: an explication of stigma communication. Commun Theory 2007;17:462-485.
69. Major B, O’Brien LT. The social psychology of stigma. Annu Rev Psychol 2005;56:393-421.