Psychiatry Investig > Volume 21(9); 2024 > Article |
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Availability of Data and Material
The data that support the findings of the study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Conflicts of Interest
Jae-Min Kim declares research support from Janssen and Lundbeck in the last 5 years. Sung-Wan Kim declares research support in the last 5 years from Janssen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Allergan, and Otsuka. All other authors report no biomedical financial interests or potential conflicts of interest.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization: Jae-Min Kim. Data curation: Jae-Min Kim, Hee-Ju Kang, Ju-Wan Kim. Formal analysis: Ye-Jin Kim, Jae-Min Kim, Ju-Yeon Lee. Funding acquisition: Jae-Min Kim. Investigation: Sung-Wan Kim, HeeJu Kang. Methodology: Jae-Min Kim, Sung-Wan Kim, Il-Seon Shin. Project administration: Hee-Ju Kang, Ye-Jin Kim. Supervision: Jae-Min Kim. Validation: Jae-Min Kim, Sung-Wan Kim. Writing—original draft: Ye-Jin Kim, Jae-Min Kim. Writing—review & editing: Ye-Jin Kim, Jae-Min Kim.
Funding Statement
This study was supported by a grant of the National Research Foundation of Korea Grant (NRF-2020M3E5D9080733) and CNUH-GIST research Collaboration grant (BCRI24088) funded by the Chonnam National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute.
Total (N=1,262) |
Group |
Statistical coefficients for group differences | Post-hoc comparison* | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
||||
CA absent SI low (N=747) | CA absent SI high (N=330) | CA present SI low (N=112) | CA present SI high (N=73) | ||||
Socio-demographic characteristics | |||||||
Age (years) | 56.76±15.12 | 59.48±13.27 | 56.83±14.81 | 46.54±17.16 | 44.36±18.13 | F=45.91, p<0.001 | 1>2>3,4 |
Gender, female | 877 (69.49) | 517 (69.21) | 244 (73.94) | 73 (65.18) | 43 (58.90) | χ2=7.95, p=0.047 | n.s. |
Education (years) | 9.14±4.79 | 8.95±4.68 | 8.67±5.02 | 10.81±4.59 | 9.14±4.79 | F=8.71, p<0.001 | 1,2<3,4 |
Marital status, unmarried | 388 (30.74) | 192 (25.70) | 108 (32.73) | 49 (43.75) | 39 (53.42) | χ2=36.06, p<0.001 | 1<3,4 2<4 |
Living arrangement, living alone | 190 (15.06) | 102 (13.65) | 61 (18.48) | 13 (11.61) | 14 (19.18) | χ2=6.19, p=0.103 | n.s. |
Religiously unaffiliated | 551 (43.66) | 294 (39.36) | 160 (48.48) | 55 (49.11) | 42 (57.53) | χ2=15.81, p=0.001 | 1<2, 1<4 |
Unemployed status | 368 (29.16) | 196 (26.24) | 109 (33.03) | 40 (35.71) | 23 (31.51) | χ2=8.00, p=0.046 | n.s. |
Monthly income, <2,000 USD | 750 (59.43) | 453 (60.64) | 206 (62.42) | 47 (41.96) | 44 (60.27) | χ2=15.87, p=0.001 | 1>3, 2>3 |
Clinical characteristics | |||||||
Major depressive disorder | 1,079 (85.50) | 615 (82.33) | 301 (91.21) | 99 (88.39) | 64 (87.67) | χ2=15.78, p=0.001 | 1<2 |
Melancholic feature | 192 (15.21) | 116 (15.53) | 57 (17.27) | 13 (11.61) | 6 (8.22) | χ2=5.04, p=0.169 | n.s. |
Atypical feature | 83 (6.58) | 32 (4.28) | 21 (6.36) | 13 (11.61) | 17 (23.29) | χ2=44.21, p<0.001 | 1<3,4, 2<4 |
Age at onset (years) | 51.88±16.85 | 55.34±15.34 | 51.16±16.05 | 40.46±17.34 | 37.21±18.58 | F=51.92, p<0.001 | 1>2>3,4 |
Duration of illness (years) | 4.89±8.76 | 4.14±8.05 | 5.67±9.57 | 6.08±9.63 | 7.15±9.75 | F=5.05, p=0.020 | 1,2,3<4 |
Number of depressive episodes | 1.08±1.49 | 0.86±1.33 | 1.24±1.52 | 1.47±1.78 | 2.00±1.91 | F=19.27, p<0.001 | 1<2, 1<3, 1<4, 2<4 |
Recurrent depressive episodes | 653 (51.74) | 333 (44.58) | 192 (58.18) | 72 (64.29) | 56 (76.71) | χ2=46.12, p<0.001 | 1<2,3, 1<4, 2<4 |
Duration of the present episode (days) | 7.41±10.45 | 6.61±8.92 | 7.53±11.22 | 10.61±13.57 | 10.13±15.12 | F=6.71, p<0.001 | 1<3 |
Family history of depression | 185 (14.66) | 108 (14.46) | 41 (12.42) | 19 (16.96) | 17 (23.29) | χ2=6.16, p=0.104 | n.s. |
Number of physical disorders | 1.61±1.28 | 1.67±1.24 | 1.68±1.35 | 1.14±1.23 | 1.40±1.30 | F=6.67, p<0.001 | 3<1<2 |
Assessment scale, scores | |||||||
Hamilton depression rating scale | 20.76 (4.26) | 19.80 (3.87) | 22.92 (4.35) | 20.20 (3.92) | 21.62 (4.48) | F=47.40, p<0.001 | 1,3<2,4 |
Hospital anxiety & depression scale-depression subscale | 13.59 (3.92) | 12.83 (3.86) | 15.32 (3.38) | 12.96 (4.18) | 14.40 (3.85) | F=35.48, p<0.001 | 1<2, 1<4, 2<3 |
Hospital anxiety & depression scale-anxiety subscale | 11.71 (4.05) | 10.70 (3.86) | 13.62 (3.75) | 11.80 (3.98) | 13.38 (3.78) | F=49.34, p<0.001 | 1<2, 1<3, 1<4, 2<3 |
EuroQol-5D | 8.86 (1.52) | 8.61 (1.50) | 9.50 (1.41) | 8.47 (1.57) | 9.14 (1.23) | F=31.60, p<0.001 | 1<2,4, 3<2,4 |
Social and Occupational Functional Assessment Scale | 55.90 (7.60) | 57.41 (7.29) | 52.91 (6.94) | 56.07 (8.31) | 53.63 (8.05) | F=31.11, p<0.001 | 1>2, 1>4, 2>3 |
Life experiences survey | 2.04 (1.72) | 1.85 (1.52) | 2.09 (1.36) | 2.42 (2.23) | 3.23 (3.06) | F=17.52, p<0.001 | 1<3, 1<4, 2<4, 3<4 |
Perceived stress scale | 27.04 (6.49) | 25.62 (6.48) | 29.48 (5.91) | 27.10 (5.76) | 30.44 (5.75) | F=37.12, p<0.001 | 1,3<2,4 |
Connor-Davidson resilience scale | 42.96 (17.98) | 46.03 (17.21) | 37.96 (18.35) | 40.79 (18.63) | 37.49 (16.50) | F=19.39, p<0.001 | 1>2,3,4 |
Multidimensional scale of perceived social support | 39.14 (11.93) | 40.09 (11.67) | 38.96 (11.61) | 36.70 (12.57) | 33.95 (13.19) | F=7.91, p<0.001 | 1>3,2, 2>4 |
Alcohol abuse disorders identification test-K | 5.37 (8.87) | 4.89 (8.44) | 5.10 (8.60) | 7.18 (9.47) | 8.74 (12.00) | F=5.95, p<0.001 | 1,2<4 |
Group | Number of non-remission (%) | Unadjusted odds ratios (95% CI) | Adjusted† odds ratios (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|
Childhood abuse | |||
Absent (N=869) | 241 (27.7) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Present (N=146) | 59 (40.4) | 1.767 (1.230-2.539)** | 1.626 (1.097-2.410)* |
Suicidal ideation | |||
Absent (N=693) | 188 (27.1) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Present (N=322) | 112 (34.8) | 1.433 (1.078-1.903)* | 1.382 (1.019-1.873)* |