The Prevalence and Incidence of Insomnia in Korea during 2005 to 2013
Article information
Abstract
Objective
The aim of this study was to estimate the progress of insomnia prevalence and incidence over the past several years. Also, this study compared survival rates between individuals with and without insomnia.
Methods
The National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort (NHIS-NSC) from 2002–2013 was used for this study. Prevalent cases of insomnia were defined using ICD-10 codes F51.0 or G47.0, or a prescription of sedatives. Cox’s proportional hazard analysis was conducted to compare survival rates between insomnia patients and people without insomnia.
Results
In 2013, there were 46,167 (5.78%) insomnia patients over 20 years old in this cohort. Insomnia was more common among women and the elderly. Annual incidence over the past several years remained steady but the prevalence increased. The survival of insomnia patients was lower than that of people without insomnia, and the hazard ratio for overall mortality was 1.702 (p<0.001).
Conclusion
This large-scale population-based cohort study provided current epidemiologic indicators of insomnia in the Korean general population.
INTRODUCTION
Insomnia is a common symptom frequently observed in the clinic. The annual prevalence of insomnia symptoms and insomnia disorder has been reported to be between 35–50% [1] and 10–22% [2,3] in the United States. In South Korea, the prevalence of insomnia symptoms and diagnosis (DSM-IV) were reported to be 17–23% and 5%, respectively [4,5]. A female predisposition to insomnia has consistently been reported, and the prevalence has increased over time amongst the elderly population [6]. Also, the prevalence has increased among inpatients compared to outpatients [7,8]. People suffering from insomnia symptoms report worsened quality of life in various domains [9,10] and tend to develop other psychiatric disorders [11]. Recent studies have consistently showed correlations between insomnia and numerous medical problems, such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and even cancers [12-14].
In addition to these adverse health outcomes of insomnia, potential over-usage of sleeping pills without proper instruction [15], may raise a public health concern. Furthermore, insomnia and hypnotics usage, despite the controversy, may increase the mortality rate [16,17]. Therefore, it is important to explore changes in the prevalence and incidence of insomnia over the past several years in order to increase the knowledge base concerning sleep health.
In a previous study done in Sweden, the prevalence of insomnia among men in the general population was reported as increasing from 10.3% in 1984 to 12.8% in 1994 [18]. In Norway, the prevalence of insomnia as defined by the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria was reported to have increased from 11.9% in 1999 to 15.5% in 2009 [19]. In the United States, the prevalence increased from 17.5% in 2002 to 19.2% in 2012 [20]. In Taiwan, the prevalence of insomnia increased from 2.5% in 2002 to 4.2% in 2009 [21]. The definition criteria of insomnia varied from study to study; however, taken together, the findings of these studies indicate that during the past several years, insomnia prevalence has been increasing worldwide.
When we use national health insurance data, we can observe changes in the prevalence and incidence of insomnia over several time periods. Despite this advantage, it is not necessarily easy to apply the diagnostic criteria for insomnia to this data. In South Korea, when physicians decide to prescribe hypnotics, the diagnosis is coded according to the International Classification of Disease, Tenth Revision (ICD-10). However, it is unclear from this data whether the ICD-10 codes for insomnia (F51.0 and G47.0) are appropriately applied or not, and sometimes coding is omitted. In these cases, we can estimate the pattern of insomnia prevalence or incidence by looking at the pattern or history of hypnotics prescriptions. Physicians usually prescribe sleeping pills approved by the appropriate drug regulatory agencies of each nation, such as z-class drugs or triazolam, but they sometimes prescribe hypnotic medications without regulatory approval, including benzodiazepines, hypnotic antidepressants, antihistamines, or antipsychotics. The aim of this study was to estimate the progress of insomnia prevalence and incidence over the past several years (2002–2013) from the Korean National Health Insurance claims data, and to explore whether insomnia is associated with mortality or not.
METHODS
Study population
The National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort (NHIS-NSC) from 2002–2013 was used for this study [22]. This cohort is a nationally representative random sample comprised of 1,025,340 individuals accounting for the all Korean population of 46,605,433 in 2002 according to the National Health Insurance Database. Deceased individuals in the NHIS-NSC were replaced with additions of infants (age 0) in order to maintain the representativeness of the Korean general population. This cohort includes four databases on participants’ insurance eligibility, medical treatments, medical care institutions, and general health examinations. Fifty-seven variables are available in the medical treatment database, such as participants’ electronic medical treatment bills, bill details, details of diseases, and details of prescriptions. More details were described elsewhere [22]. All research procedures were approved by the Ulsan University Hospital Institutional Review Board (UUH 2014-08-008-012).
Definition of prevalent and incident cases of insomnia
Participants who had insomnia between 2005 and 2013 were selected from this cohort. Prevalent cases were defined if hypnotic drugs were prescribed for more than 7 days or if ICD-10 codes F51.0 (nonorganic insomnia) and G47.0 (disorders of initiating and maintaining sleep, insomnias) were applied as either a principal or an additional diagnosis at least one time. Hypnotic drugs included doxepin, flunitrazepm, flurazepam, triazolam, zolpidem, and trazodone. Lorazepam, etiazolam, or quetiapine also are prescribed as sleeping pills for some patients. However, those medications are widely used for anxiety or delirium, too. So we exclude those medications from the hypnotics list to prevent false positive. A denominator of prevalence was the eligible people in the cohort of 2013. Incident cases were defined as prevalent cases who had no prior diagnosis or hypnotics usage for at least 3 years prior to the beginning of the case-defining period. The eligible population of the 2013 cohort was a denominator of incidence rate after the exclusion of prevalence who had no prior diagnosis for at least 3 years prior to the beginning of the case-defining period.
Statistical analyses
Annual standardized prevalence and incident rates of insomnias over 20 years old were described according to gender and age in 2013. For each prevalence and incidence, the mid-year population of 2013 was used as a denominator of standardized rate. To provide all available data, the number of annual prevalent and incident cases was used from 2002 to 2013 and from 2005 to 2013 for age and gender comparisons, respectively. Each standard error of standardized prevalence and incidence was estimated using the Keyfitz’s formula [23]. For survival analysis, the incident cases of 2008 were followed up from the first diagnosis until death or December 2013. The reason why incidence of 2008 was selected was to explore the latest 5 year survival on insomnia. Patients were matched 1:4 to randomly select non-case controls from the 2008 NHIS-NSC by age and gender. These individuals were followed up from January 2008 to their death dates or December 2013. Descriptive data were provided on groups and chi-square tests were conducted to examine differences of distributions in general characteristics. And, using these data, Kaplan-meier analysis and Cox’s proportional hazard analysis were conducted. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) used for these statistical analyses.
RESULTS
In 2013, 46,167 (5.78%) insomnia patients were included over 20 years old in this cohort. Among them, 43,961 had ICD-10 codes F51.0 and G47.0, and 2,206 received hypnotics prescriptions only without an ICD-10 diagnosis. The prevalence of insomnia in 2013 was 7.20% and 4.32% in females and males, respectively.
Figures 1 and 2 show the incident and prevalence rates of insomnia based on age and gender. More women than men had insomnia, and there were generally more incident and prevalent cases in the older age groups than in the lower age groups. In 2013, the highest incident and prevalence rates of insomnia based on gender and age groups are 80 years. The gender-related difference in insomnia risk attenuated after age 80 and older.
Incidence of insomnia on gender and age group in 2013.
Prevalence of insomnia on gender and age group in 2013.
The standardized incidence rate of insomnia was slightly increased during the study period, but the increase of standardized prevalence rate was obvious for both genders. In 2005 and 2013, the incidences of insomnia were 2.92% [95% confidence interval (CI): 2.86–2.98%] and 3.11% (95% CI: 3.05–3.17%) in females and 1.67% (95% CI: 1.63–1.71%) and 2.01% (95% CI: 1.96–2.06%) in males, respectively (Figure 3). However, the standardized prevalence more than doubled from 2002 to 2013 [3.10% (95% CI: 3.16–3.04%) to 7.20% (95% CI: 7.12–7.28%) in females and 1.62% (95% CI: 1.58–1.66%) to 4.32% (95% CI: 4.26–4.38%) in males] (Figure 4).
Standardized incidence with insomnia on gender from 2005 to 2013. *Age and gender standardized rate using the mid-year population of 2013.
Standardized prevalence with insomnia on gender from 2002 to 2013. *Age and gender standardized rate using the mid-year population of 2013.
Table 1 shows general characteristics of insomnia group and non-case control group. There were no statistical differences on gender, age and health insurance premium. In noncase group, those living in metropolitan areas in insomnia were 1.6% more likely than those in non-case control group (p<0.001). All observed person years (PYs) at 60 months was 343,004 PYs in the control group and 84,341 PYs in the insomnia group, respectively. And dead cases were 2,446 (3.5%) and 985 (5.7%), respectively.
General characteristics of insomnia group and non-case control group
The results of the survival analysis are presented in Figure 5. According to the Kaplan-meier analysis, there was a statistically significant difference in survival rate on individuals of insomnia (p<0.001). The survival of patients with insomnia was lower than that of patients without insomnia (95.0% and 97.3%, respectively, at 60 months). Overall hazard ratio was 1.702 (95% CI: 1.580–1.833, p<0.001) from Cox’s proportional hazard analysis.
Survival rates between individuals with and without insomnia.
DISCUSSION
In this study, we observed that the prevalence of insomnia increased over the past several years in South Korea, and it is comparable to the previous study which was done in Taiwan [21].
The prevalence of insomnia in 2013 was 7.20% and 4.32% in females and males, respectively.
More women than men had insomnia, and there were generally more incident and prevalent cases in the older age groups than in the lower age groups. Although the incidences of insomnia were 2.92% (95% CI: 2.86–2.98%) in female and 1.67% (95% CI: 1.63–1.71%) in males in 2005, and 3.11% (95% CI: 3.05–3.17%) in female and 2.01% (95% CI: 1.96–2.06%) in males in 2013, respectively, the standardized prevalence more than doubled from 2002 to 2013 [3.10% (95% CI: 3.16–3.04%) to 7.20% (95% CI: 7.12–7.28%) in females and 1.62% (95% CI: 1.58–1.66%) to 4.32% (95% CI: 4.26–4.38%)]. The results of the survival analysis are presented that the survival of patients with insomnia was lower than that of patients without insomnia.
The prevalence of insomnia has been obviously increasing over time in this study. In modern society, people’s increased psychological stress may influence the increased prevalence of insomnia [24,25]. Heavy workloads, alternative work schedules, and high-caffeine drink consumption also can affect insomnia [21,26-28]. Insomnia symptom may be also related to certain psychiatric or medical conditions. For instance, insomnia is a common, subjective sleep complaint of patients with depressive or anxiety disorders [29,30]. Primary sleep disorders such as obstructive sleep apnea or periodic limb movement disorder can also induce insomnia. Thus, we also may explore whether the increasing prevalence and incidence rates of hypnotic drug prescription in the past 10 years came from insomnia itself or other sleep disorders.
In South Korea, changes in sleep disorder prevalence from 1.11% (men) and 1.97% (women) in 2004 to 1.41% (men) and 2.14% (women) in 2009, based on data from national health insurance service, have been reported [31]. First, the number of patients treated for depression, a major psychiatric disease that can induce insomnia, increased dramatically from about 516,000 in 2009 to about 603,000 in 2015 according to claims data from the National Health Insurance Service of Korea. Second, among primary sleep disorder which can influence insomnia symptoms, subjects who were treated for restless legs syndrome (RLS), another sleep disorder which may influence insomnia symptoms, increased among all sleep disorders from 0.13% in 2004 to 1.63% in 2009 [13], although this increase could be explained by people becoming more educated about RLS and thus increasing visits to the hospital. Sleep apnea is usually influenced by obesity and aging. The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) reported that the prevalence of obesity, defined as body mass index ≥25 kg/m2, increased from 26.9% in 1998 to 32.0% in 2011 [32]. Also, an increasingly aged society in Korea may raise the prevalence of OSAS, because airway collapsibility, one of the major mechanisms of OSAS, increases with age [33,34].
In this study, the prevalence increased according to age, and female predominance was observed. Gender ratio in the prevalence of insomnia in this study was very similar to Taiwan study [21] at which there was increase in female preponderance at the elderly, in accordance with a previous meta-analysis at which elderly has more female preponderance than young adult. Psychological problems, comorbid medical conditions, or decreased physical activity which can influence their insomnia symptoms. And also, women are more vulnerable to psychological stresses, and Additionally, greater bodily vigilance and awareness is found among women, and a socially sanctioned culture exists that encourages women to more readily express emotional distress and somatic symptoms [24].
It has been repeatedly reported that insomnia or hypnotics usage is associated with an increased risk of mortality [35,36], despite the controversy [37,38]. In this study, we observed a statistically significant difference in survival rates between insomnia patients and non-insomnia; however, we cannot conclude that insomnia (or hypnotics usage) itself increases the mortality risk among the general population from the results of this study. Various kinds of situations that induce insomnia or hypnotics usage should be considered. It is well known that patients with medical or neurological diseases that are related to higher mortality rates, such as cancers [39] or Parkinson disease [40], suffer from insomnia or sleep disturbance. Patients with psychiatric disorders, such as psychotic disorders or depression, which are related with higher suicide risk, also suffer from sleep disturbances [41].
We defined insomnia as having taken hypnotic drugs for at least 7 days or as having been diagnosed according to the ICD-10 codes of insomnia (F51.0 or G47.0). In this study, 2,228 subjects were prescribed sleeping pills without any insomnia ICD-10 codes. Including individuals diagnosed with insomnia by ICD-10 codes only may have underrepresented the prevalence of insomnia, considering that physicians often prescribe sleeping pills without coding; therefore, we expanded our definition of insomnia to include individuals with a history of a prescription for sleeping pills. Hypnotic drugs included in the definition of insomnia were zolpidem, benzodiazepines, including triazolam, flunitrazepm, and flurazepam, and hypnotic antidepressants, including trazodone and doxepine.
This study has some limitations. First, we defined insomnia as using hypnotics for at least 7 days or by ICD-10 codes. It is difficult to classify insomnia precisely particularly when we use national health insurance data. For example ICD-10 code for nonorganic insomnia may be nonspecific. It is a limitation when we use national representative data. Another limitation is that we used hypnotics usage data for defining insomnia. Usually zolpidem or triazolam are prescribed for insomnia only. However, other benzodiazepines or hypnotic antidepressants can be used for anxiety, pain, or depression. In this study, we cannot exclude patients who used those medications for other reasons. Conversely, some patients who were diagnosed as having other major psychiatric diseases, such as major depressive disorder, schizophrenia, or bipolar disorder, might be prescribed other hypnotic medications, such as mirtazapine or quetiapine, for managing their major psychiatric symptoms and sleep problems at the same time. Some patients might also take over-the-counter sleeping pills [42], which are not recorded in the national health insurance system. Third, this study used health insurance claim data. Generally, the validity of claims data may be limited. For this reason, we considered hypnotics prescription in our definition of insomnia. However, many people who suffer from insomnia may not visit clinics or hospitals. Thus, the epidemiologic estimates in this study, including prevalence, incidence, and hazard ratio, could be underestimated compared to the actual levels. This work examines patterns of office visits/physician diagnosis of insomnia, rather than the true population rates. The incident cases likely do not reflect when insomnia started, but rather the first discussion/diagnosis by a physician. Finally, the increase in mortality in subjects with insomnia needs to be explained with caution. We did not show the direct causal relationship between insomnia and mortality. We did not observe the mortality among subjects with persistence insomnia, and we could not observe the effect of insomnia separated from hypnotics usage. In addition, important confoundings such as smoking were not considered because of limitation of data.
In conclusion, we have shown the annual incidence and prevalence of insomnia of recent 10 continuous years using national representative data. And also, we defined insomnia using ICD-10 codes and hypnotics usage data to observe more precisely, although we could not get the over-the-counter drug usage. We could observe increased prevalence of insomnia from 3.1% to 7.2% in females and 1.62% to 4.32% in males over recent 10 years of period. The annual incidences were 1.67–2.15% in male and 2.89–3.61% in females respectively. And also, we observed a significance difference in survival rate between individuals with insomnia and without insomnia.
Acknowledgements
We thank Ms. Vanessa Topping from the Scientific Publications Team at Asan Medical Center for her editorial assistance in preparing this manuscript.
This work was supported by the Korea Ministry of Environment (MOE) as “the Environmental Health Action Program (grant number: 201400135001).”
Notes
The authors have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization: Chang Sun Sim, Min-Woo Jo, Seockhoon Chung. Data curation: Seung Woo Cho, Min-Woo Jo, Jiho Lee. Formal analysis: Min-Woo Jo, Seung Woo Cho. Investigation: Seockhoon Chung, Soyoung Youn. Methodology: Seockhoon Chung, Soyoung Youn, Chang Sun Sim, Min-Woo Jo. Supervision: Seockhoon Chung, Jiho Lee. Visualization: Soyoung Youn, Min-Woo Jo, Seung Woo Cho. Writing—original draft: Seockhoon Chung, Seung Woo Cho. Writing—review & editing: Chang Sun Sim, Min-Woo Jo, Jiho Lee.