Acute-Withdrawal Restless Legs Syndrome Following Abrupt Cessation of Short-Term Tramadol

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Abstract

INTRODUCTION

Tramadol is a synthetic 4-phenyl-piperidine analogue of codeine, and is a central analgesic mediated by a combination of mu-opioid agonist effects and norepinephrine and serotonin-reuptake inhibition.1,2,3 However, when stopping tramadol intake, several researchers have documented a withdrawal-like symptomatology.1,2,3,4

In this paper, we present a case that developed restless legs syndrome (RLS) following cessation of tramadol intake, which very likely was related to a withdrawal-like symptomatology.

CASE

A 38-year-old Korean male was admitted to the Department of Pulmonology due to pneumonia and parapneumonic effusion. He complained of severe left pleuritic pain and dyspnea with large amount of parapneumonic effusion. Thus, he had been treated by chest-tube insertion with antibiotics and an analgesic (tramadol at 50 mg t.i.d.) for three weeks. His symptomatology had largely resolved after 3 weeks of hospital treatment, and so he was discharged to day-clinic treatment. Following discharge, tramadol was discontinued because his pain had disappeared. However, from the first night after tramadol withdrawal he experienced an uncomfortable sensation in both legs that worsened at rest and at night, and which could be relieved only by moving the legs. He suffered from insomnia and paced up and down in his house every night. He met the diagnostic criteria for RLS published by the International RLS Study Group.5 His doctor referred him for a psychiatric consultation.

The patient did not have any other disease related to secondary RLS. He also had no brain disease, and his only medication was cefixime. All of his routine laboratory parameters were within normal limits. The severity of his RLS symptoms was scored as 34 points on the RLS rating scale.6 Tramadol (50 mg) was readministered at nighttime in order to confirm tramadol-withdrawal-induced RLS in a psychiatry department, which dramatically resolved his RLS symptoms. The patient subsequently attempted withdrawal of the 50-mg tramadol himself, which resulted in the recurrence of his RLS symptoms, prompting him to readminister tramadol. At a follow-up visit after 4 days his tramadol was replaced with ropinirole and clonazepam, which reversed his RLS symptoms. Ropinirole and clonazepam administration was discontinued after several weeks, and there was no recurrence of his RLS symptoms.

DISCUSSION

The symptoms of tramadol withdrawal are anxiety and restlessness, autonomic dysfunction, abdominal cramping, diarrhea, sleeplessness, migraine-like headaches, and myoclonic activity of the extremities.7,8 There are also reports of RLS as a complication of withdrawal from opiates such as methadone, heroin, fentanyl, and tramadol.4,8,9,10

The present case had no history of RLS symptoms or insomnia, with his RLS symptoms beginning immediately after the abrupt cessation of tramadol therapy. Based on the Naranjo probability scale,11 the present RLS strongly suggests a close relationship to the previous intake of tramadol. In addition, rechallenge with tramadol (50 mg once a day) made his RLS symptoms disappear. The physical examination and laboratory findings of our patient revealed no evidence of any of the known forms of secondary RLS or of a comorbid organic disorder. It is therefore likely that the withdrawal of tramadol was responsible for inducing his RLS.

Some studies have found that opioids such as oxycodone and methadone are effective at treating RLS.12,13 Other studies also have reported RLS-like withdrawal symptoms following opioids such as methadone, while it was demonstrated conclusvely that adding another opioid as a treatment option relieved symtoms. In addition, PET scans have shown that the post-synaptic binding of ligand to the opioid receptor is inversely proportional to the severity of RLS symptoms in areas serving the medial pain system.14,15 These observations imply that opioids are involved in the pathophysiology of RLS. Moreover, stimulation of mu-opioid receptors increases dopamine release from dopaminergic neurons in some brain regions.10,16,17 Thus, mu-receptor agonists such as tramadol may increase the tone of endogenous dopamine release, resulting in a decreased sensitivity of dopamine receptors to adaptation.9,10,17 However, a compensatory overshoot of the NMDA receptor following the intake of long-term opioid can also induce RLS.4,18 In addition, Freye and Levy reported that diffuse musculoskeletal related pain and RLS following abrupt cessation of long-term use of tramadol were treated with dextromethorphan,4 which is an NMDA-receptor antagonist.19 Thus, the pathophysiology of acute-withdrawal RLS following abrupt cessation of tramadol remains a matter of controversy.

In conclusion, even after a medium potent analgesic such as tramadol with mixed opioid agonist, as well as inhibitory serotonergic and noradrenergic reuptake mechanism, withdrawal may develop following cessation of the agent.4,20,21 Patients therefore, should be monitored closely even after an analgesic, which in general is considered a safe drug.

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