Psychiatry Investig > Volume 20(4); 2023 > Article |
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Availability of Data and Material
The datasets generated or analyzed during the study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Conflicts of Interest
Seockhoon Chung, a contributing editor of the Psychiatry Investigation, was not involved in the editorial evaluation or decision to publish this article. All remaining authors have declared no conflicts of interest.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization: Jihoon Hong, Junseok Ahn, Jin Yong Jun, Jangho Park, Jeong Hye Kim, Young Rong Bang, Seockhoon Chung. Data curation: Jihoon Hong, C. Hyung Keun Park, Harin Kim. Formal analysis: Jihoon Hong, Seockhoon Chung. Funding acquisition: Jihoon Hong, Seockhoon Chung. Investigation: Seockhoon Chung. Methodology: Jihoon Hong, Youjin Hong, Junseok Ahn, Jin Yong Jun, Jangho Park, Young Rong Bang, Seockhoon Chung. Writing—original draft: all authors. Writing—review & editing: all authors.
Funding Statement
This work was supported by the Student Research Grant (2022-0629) of University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
Characteristics | PHQ-9 <10 (N=166) | PHQ-9 ≥10 (N=85) | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | 155 (93.4) | 81 (95.3) | 0.382 | |
Age (yr) | 29.6±6.2 | 29.2± 5.1 | 0.660 | |
Religion, Yes | 54 (32.9) | 22 (25.9) | 0.159 | |
Years of employment | 6.9±6.0 | 6.0±5.3 | 0.307 | |
Are you a shift worker?, Yes* | 157 (95.7) | 83 (97.6) | 0.354 | |
Marital status* | 0.815 | |||
Single | 128 (77.1) | 69 (81.2) | ||
Married, without children | 12 (7.2) | 5 (5.9) | ||
Married, with children | 25 (15.1) | 10 (11.8) | ||
Questions on COVID-19 | ||||
Are you taking care of COVID-19 infected patients?, Yes | 166 (100.0) | 85 (100.0) | >0.999 | |
Did you experience being infected with COVID-19?, Yes | 61 (37.0) | 35 (41.2) | 0.304 | |
Did you experience being quarantined due to infection with COVID-19?, Yes | 67 (40.4) | 38 (44.7) | 0.299 | |
Have you ever experienced the death of a COVID-19-infected patient that you took care of yourself?, Yes | 133 (80.1) | 77 (91.7) | 0.012 | |
Did you get vaccinated?, Yes | 166 (100.0) | 85 (100.0) | >0.999 | |
Psychiatric History | ||||
Did you have experience or treated depression, anxiety, or insomnia?, Yes | 20 (12.0) | 16 (18.8) | 0.124 | |
Now, do you think you are depressed or anxious, or do you need help for your mood state?, Yes | 9 (5.4) | 24 (28.2) | <0.001 | |
Rating scales | ||||
Pandemic Grief Scale for Healthcare workers | 0.7±2.2 | 2.6±3.5 | <0.001 | |
Stress and Anxiety to Viral Epidemics-9 items | 19.7±6.0 | 24.0±6.1 | <0.001 | |
Patient Health Questionnaire-9 items | 4.9±2.8 | 13.8±3.6 | <0.001 | |
Loneliness and Social Isolation Scale | 5.0±2.8 | 7.5±3.3 | <0.001 | |
Insomnia Severity Index | 9.3±5.3 | 14.9±5.6 | <0.001 |
Variables | Age | PGS | SAVE-9 | PHQ-9 | Loneliness |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PGS | 0.04 | - | |||
SAVE-9 | -0.07 | 0.30** | - | ||
PHQ-9 | -0.03 | 0.47** | 0.39** | - | |
Loneliness | 0.26** | 0.35** | 0.14* | 0.39** | - |
ISI | -0.12* | 0.40** | 0.29** | 0.57** | 0.27** |
Dependent variables | Included parameters | β | p | Adjusted R2 | F, p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PGS | Age | 0.04 | 0.504 | 0.276 | |
SAVE-9 | 0.12 | 0.040 | F=20.05 | ||
PHQ-9 | 0.25 | <0.001 | p<0.001 | ||
Loneliness | 0.17 | 0.006 | |||
ISI | 0.16 | 0.006 |