Psychiatry Investig > Volume 20(9); 2023 > Article |
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Availability of Data and Material
The datasets generated or analyzed during the study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization: Seog Ju Kim. Data curation: Yunjee Hwang, Hyeyeon Jang, Seog Ju Kim. Formal analysis: Yunjee Hwang, Seog Ju Kim. Funding acquisition: Seog Ju Kim. Investigation: Jooyoung Lee, Sehyun Jeon, Jichul Kim, Somi Lee. Methodology: Yunjee Hwang, Hyeyeon Jang. Project administration: Seog Ju Kim. Resources: Jooyoung Lee, Sehyun Jeon, Jichul Kim, Somi Lee. Software: Jooyoung Lee, Sehyun Jeon, Jichul Kim, Somi Lee. Supervision: Seog Ju Kim. Validation: Hyeyeon Jang, Seog Ju Kim. Visualization: Yunjee Hwang, Hyeyeon Jang. Writing—original draft: Yunjee Hwang, Hyeyeon Jang. Writing—review & editing: Hyeyeon Jang, Seog Ju Kim.
Funding Statement
This research was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean government (MSIT) (No. 2022R1A2C2008417), the Bio & Medical Technology Development Program of the National Research Foundation (NRF) funded by the Korean government (MSIT) (No. 2020M3E5D9080561), and a grant of the Korea Health Technology R&D Project through the Korea Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI), funded by the Ministry of Health & Welfare, Republic of Korea (No. HR21C0885).
Non-SWs (N=1,613) | LSWs (N=3,339) | Non-LSWs (N=1,071) | p | Post-hoc analysis | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (yr) | 37.78±9.81 | 36.30±9.45 | 39.04±10.67 | <0.001*** | |
Sex | <0.001*** | ||||
Male | 685 (42.5) | 1,688 (50.6) | 399 (37.3) | ||
Female | 928 (57.5) | 1,651 (49.4) | 672 (62.7) | ||
Marital status | <0.001*** | ||||
Married | 756 (46.9) | 1,425 (42.7) | 526 (49.1) | ||
Single | 818 (2.4) | 86 (2.6) | 30 (2.8) | ||
Divorced/widowed | 39 (50.7) | 1,828 (54.7) | 515 (48.1) | ||
Working hour (weekly) | 27.84±18.07 | 34.26±20.09 | 28.15±20.52 | <0.001*** | Non-SWs<Non-LSWs<LSWs |
Job type | <0.001*** | ||||
White collar | 1,324 (84.1) | 2,023 (62.3) | 633 (60.1) | ||
Service | 160 (10.0) | 717 (22.0) | 233 (22.1) | ||
Blue collar | 94 (5.9) | 509 (15.6) | 188 (17.8) | ||
Income (monthly) | <0.001*** | ||||
≤1,500,000 KRW | 49 (3.1) | 217 (6.5) | 80 (7.5) | ||
≤2,000,000 KRW | 255 (15.8) | 408 (12.2) | 133 (12.4) | ||
≤3,000,000 KRW | 701 (43.5) | 1,434 (42.9) | 476 (44.4) | ||
≤4,500,000 KRW | 422 (26.2) | 978 (29.3) | 294 (27.5) | ||
>4,500,000 KRW | 186 (11.5) | 302 (9.0) | 88 (8.2) | ||
Physical Illness | <0.001*** | ||||
Presence | 341 (21.1) | 773 (23.2) | 284 (26.5) | ||
Absence | 1,272 (78.9) | 2,566 (76.8) | 787 (73.5) | ||
Drinking | <0.001*** | ||||
Never | 288 (17.9) | 447 (13.4) | 202 (18.9) | ||
Once a month | 407 (25.2) | 823 (24.6) | 298 (27.8) | ||
Once a week | 577 (35.8) | 1,291 (38.7) | 366 (34.2) | ||
More than once a week | 261 (16.2) | 604 (18.1) | 160 (14.9) | ||
FIRST† | 17.21±5.78 | 18.86±5.92 | 18.68±5.92 | <0.001*** | Non-SWs<Non-LSWs<LSWs |
GSES† | 3.64±2.89 | 4.98±3.17 | 4.53±3.11 | <0.001*** | Non-SWs<Non-LSWs<LSWs |
PSQI† | 6.00±3.15 | 7.47±3.64 | 7.25±3.48 | <0.001*** | Non-SWs<Non-LSWs<LSWs |
ISI† | 7.65±5.70 | 10.35±6.23 | 9.57±5.97 | <0.001*** | Non-SWs<Non-LSWs<LSWs |
ESS† | 7.64±3.84 | 8.41±3.98 | 8.10±3.93 | 0.019** | Non-SWs<LSWs |
CES-D | 6.81±5.75 | 8.72±6.30 | 8.79±6.32 | <0.001*** | Non-SWs<Non-LSWs<LSWs |
SCL-SOM | 7.12±7.00 | 9.67±8.21 | 9.01±8.12 | <0.001*** | Non-SWs<Non-LSWs<LSWs |
STAI | 42.92±10.65 | 44.59±10.97 | 45.12±10.56 | <0.001*** | Non-SWs<Non-LSWs<LSWs |
K-IRLS | 2.62±5.20 | 3.72±6.60 | 4.23±7.02 | <0.001*** | Non-SWs<Non-LSWs<LSWs |
BQ | 0.006 | ||||
High risk | 293 (18.2) | 733 (22.0) | 210 (19.6) | ||
Low risk | 1,320 (81.8) | 2,606 (78.0) | 861 (80.4) |
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation or number (%). A p-value indicates the result of analysis of variance, analysis of covariance, or chi-square test.
† adjusted for age, sex, marital status, working hour, job type, income, physical illness, drinking, CES-D, SCL-SOM, STAI, K-IRLS, and BQ.
non-SWs, non-shift workers; LSWs, late night shift workers; non-LSWs, non-late night shift workers; FIRST, Ford Insomnia Response to Stress Test; GSES, Glasgow Sleep Effort Scale; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; ISI, Insomnia Severity Index; ESS, Epworth Sleepiness Scale; CES-D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; SCL-SOM, subscales of the Symptom Checklist-90-Somatization scale; STAI, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-State; K-IRLS, Korean version of International Restless Legs Scale; BQ, Berlin Questionnaire
CES-D | PSQI | ISI | ESS | |
---|---|---|---|---|
All (N=6,023) | ||||
FIRST | r=0.54*** | r=0.45*** | r=0.56*** | r=0.29*** |
GSES | r=0.51*** | r=0.54*** | r=0.69*** | r=0.27*** |
Non-SWs (N=1,613) | ||||
FIRST | r=0.49*** | r=0.40*** | r=0.52*** | r=0.24*** |
GSES | r=0.48*** | r=0.50*** | r=0.66*** | r=0.23*** |
LSWs (N=3,339) | ||||
FIRST | r=0.55*** | r=0.45*** | r=0.55*** | r=0.29*** |
GSES | r=0.51*** | r=0.54*** | r=0.69*** | r=0.25*** |
Non-LSWs (N=1,071) | ||||
FIRST | r=0.53*** | r=0.43*** | r=0.56*** | r=0.34*** |
GSES | r=0.52*** | r=0.50*** | r=0.67*** | r=0.36*** |
non-SWs, non-shift workers; LSWs, late night shift workers; non-LSWs, non-late night shift workers; CES-D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; ISI, Insomnia Severity Index; ESS, Epworth Sleepiness Scale; FIRST, Ford Insomnia Response to Stress Test; GSES, Glasgow Sleep Effort Scale