Psychiatry Investig > Volume 18(7); 2021 > Article |
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The authors have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose.
Authors’ contribution
Conceptualization: all authors. Data curation: all authors. Formal analysis: Seri Maeng, Jae Nam Bae, Seong-Jin Cho. Funding acquisition: SeokHee Oh, Jae Nam Bae, Seong-Jin Cho. Investigation: Seri Maeng, Jin Pyo Hong, Won-Hyoung Kim, Hyeyoung Kim, Seo-Eun Cho, Jae Myeong Kang, Kyoung-Sae Na, Jae Nam Bae, Seong-Jin Cho. Methodology: Seri Maeng, Jin Pyo Hong, Won-Hyoung Kim, Hyeyoung Kim, Seo-Eun Cho, Jae Myeong Kang, Kyoung-Sae Na, Jae Nam Bae, Seong-Jin Cho. Project administration: Seok-Hee Oh, Jae Nam Bae, Seong-Jin Cho. Resources: all authors. Software: Seok-Hee Oh, Jung Woon Park, Jae Nam Bae, Seong-Jin Cho. Supervision: Jae Nam Bae, Seong-Jin Cho. Validation: Seri Maeng, Jin Pyo Hong, Won-Hyoung Kim, Hyeyoung Kim, Seo-Eun Cho, Jae Myeong Kang, Kyoung-Sae Na. Visualization: Seri Maeng, Jae Myeong Kang. Writing—original draft: Seri Maeng, Jae Nam Bae. Writing—review & editing: all authors.
Variables | MCI group (N=31) | Normal group (N=25) | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (year) | Mean±SD | 73.2±7.3 | 71.6±4.4 | 0.355 |
Male sex | N (%) | 8 (25.8) | 3 (12.0) | 0.196 |
Married status | N (%) | 17 (54.8) | 14 (56.0) | 0.704 |
Education (years) | Mean±SD | 9.5±4.7 | 8.9±3.4 | 0.619 |
Employed | N (%) | 6 (19.4) | 6 (24.0) | 0.674 |
KQOL-AD | Mean±SD | 32.0±8.2 | 34.6±4.2 | 0.168 |
GDS | Mean±SD | 12.6±6.8 | 7.7±4.6 | 0.003* |
Variables (Z-score) |
Mean±SD |
p-value | |
---|---|---|---|
MCI group (N=31) | Normal group (N=25) | ||
Digit span (F) | 0.5±1.2 | 0.3±1.1 | 0.494 |
Digit span (B) | -0.1±1.1 | 0.1±1.1 | 0.555 |
Verbal fluency | -0.7±1.0 | 0.2±1.1 | 0.002† |
Korean-Boston naming | -0.1±1.1 | 0.7±0.7 | 0.003† |
Word list memory | -0.7±1.0 | 0.7±0.8 | 0.000† |
Word list recall | -1.3±1.1 | 0.5±0.9 | 0.000† |
Word list recognition | -1.5±1.7 | 0.3±0.5 | 0.000† |
Constructional recall | -0.9±1.1 | 0.3±0.8 | 0.000† |
Constructional praxis | -0.5±1.1 | 0.1±0.9 | 0.033* |
TMT-A | -0.1±2.2 | 0.5±0.8 | 0.235 |
TMT-B | -1.5±1.3 | -0.6±1.4 | 0.017* |
Stroop-W | -0.6±1.1 | 0.5±1.2 | 0.000† |
Stroop-C | -0.9±1.1 | 0.5±1.2 | 0.000† |
Stroop-CW | -1.3±1.2 | -0.4±1.0 | 0.005† |
MCI group (Z score) |
Normal group (Z score) |
||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline | Post-training | F (p-value) | Baseline | Post-training | F (p-value) | ||
CERAD-K | |||||||
Digit span (F) | 0.5±1.2 | 0.7±1.1 | 4.078 (0.056) | 0.2±1.1 | 0.3±1.0 | 0.000 (0.993) | |
Digit span (B) | -0.1±1.1 | -0.2±1.2 | 0.003 (0.960) | 0.1±1.1 | -0.1±0.9 | 1.062 (0.314) | |
Verbal fluency | -0.7±1.0 | -0.5±0.8 | 0.776 (0.388) | 0.2±1.1 | 0.2±0.8 | 0.123 (0.729) | |
Korean-Boston naming | -0.1±1.1 | 0.2±1.3 | 2.852 (0.106) | 0.7±0.7 | 1.0±0.5 | 11.000 (0.003†) | |
Word list memory | -0.7±1.0 | 0.2±1.3 | 24.112 (0.000†) | 0.7±0.8 | 1.5±0.9 | 22.856 (0.000†) | |
Word list recall | -1.3±1.1 | -1.0±1.2 | 12.939 (0.002†) | 0.5±0.9 | 0.8±0.8 | 2.569 (0.124) | |
Word list recognition | -1.5±1.7 | -1.0±1.8 | 7.511 (0.012*) | 0.3±0.5 | 0.4±0.5 | 0.959 (0.339) | |
Constructional recall | -0.9±1.1 | -0.5±1.2 | 7.969 (0.010*) | 0.3±0.8 | 0.7±0.9 | 5.146 (0.033*) | |
Constructional praxis | -0.5±1.1 | -0.6±1.9 | 0.093 (0.764) | 0.1±0.9 | 0.3±1.0 | 1.113 (0.303) | |
TMT-A | -0.1±2.2 | 0.2±2.4 | 5.720 (0.026*) | 0.5±0.8 | 0.5±1.2 | 0.040 (0.844) | |
TMT-B | -1.5±1.3 | -1.6±1.2 | 0.462 (0.504) | -0.6±1.4 | -0.5±1.4 | 0.368 (0.551) | |
Stroop-W | -0.6±1.1 | -0.6±1.4 | 1.714 (0.205) | 0.5±0.9 | 0.7±0.8 | 1.319 (0.263) | |
Stroop-C | -0.9±1.1 | -0.7±1.2 | 6.891 (0.016*) | 0.5±1.2 | 0.7±1.0 | 5.770 (0.025*) | |
Stroop-CW | -1.3±1.2 | -1.2±1.2 | 7.383 (0.013*) | -0.4±1.0 | -0.1±0.9 | 9.711 (0.005†) | |
KQOL-AD | 32.0±8.2 | 32.4±7.5 | 0.874 (0.360) | 34.6±4.2 | 34.0±4.7 | 0.104 (0.750) | |
GDS | 12.6±6.8 | 11.8±7.7 | 0.770 (0.389) | 7.7±4.6 | 8.1±4.7 | 0.227 (0.639) |
Digit span (F): digit span forward, digit span (B): digit span backward, TMT-A: trail making test part A, TMT-B: trail making test part B, Stroop-W: Stroop test (Word), Stroop-C: Stroop test (Color), Stroop-CW: Stroop test (Color-Word), KQOL-AD: Korean version of Quality of Life-Alzheimer’s Disease, GDS: Geriatric Depression Scale, CERAD-K: Korean version of the Consortium to Establish a Registry for alzheimer’s disease Assessment Packet, MCI: mild cognitive impairment
MCI group |
Normal group |
F (p-value) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline | Post-training | Baseline | Post-training | ||
VR-sickness | |||||
SSQ-N | 29.85±32.56 | 14.46±21.17 | 14.50±17.87 | 10.30±17.61 | 5.398 (0.024*) |
SSQ-D | 83.07±75.51 | 32.33±46.91 | 46.77±52.22 | 26.16±37.76 | 4.279 (0.043*) |
SSQ-O | 26.16±33.66 | 11.24±19.26 | 17.58±21.29 | 10.91±17.10 | 0.803 (0.374) |
SSQ-TS | 46.93±45.19 | 19.90±29.45 | 26.92±30.32 | 16.45±24.42 | 3.383 (0.071) |
Presence | |||||
Presence Q | 43.50±10.00 | 43.29±10.00 | 43.13±9.15 | 47.65±9.71 | 0.724 (0.399) |
Presence S | 115.79±27.68 | 107.45±20.98 | 115.78±21.59 | 118.78±21.69 | 0.909 (0.346) |
SSQ-N: simulator sickness questionnaire-nausea, SSQ-D: simulator sickness questionnaire-disorientation, SSQ-O: simulator sickness questionnaire-oculomotor, SSQ-TS: simulator sickness questionnaire-total score [SSQ-TS=(SSQ-N+SSQ-D+SSQ-O)×3.74], Presence Q: questionnaire for measuring presence of virtual reality contents, Presence S: questionnaire consisting of 10 points scale for measuring the presence of virtual reality content users, MCI: mild cognitive impairment