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Psychiatry Investig > Volume 20(8); 2023 > Article |
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Availability of Data and Material
Data sharing not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analyzed during the study.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization: Rafael Richard Clorado de Sá, Hyoun Soo Kim, Hermano Tavares. Data curation: Sophie Coelho, Puneet Kaur Parmar, Hyoun Soo Kim. Formal analysis: Sophie Coelho, Puneet Kaur Parmar, Samantha Johnstone. Supervision: Hyoun Soo Kim, Hermano Tavares. Visualization: Sophie Coelho, Puneet Kaur Parmar. Writing—original draft: Rafael Richard Clorado de Sá, Sophie Coelho, Puneet Kaur Parmar, Samantha Johnstone. Writing—review & editing: Sophie Coelho, Puneet Kaur Parmar, Hyoun Soo Kim, Hermano Tavares.
Funding Statement
None
Study | Study design | Participants | GD measure | Treatment | Duration | Improvement in IGD Symptoms (%) | Key results |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bae et al. [9] (2018) | Open clinical trial | 16 male adults with internet gaming disorder (IGD; 25.3±5.2 yr), 15 male adults with internet-based gambling disorder (ibGD; 25.0±4.9 yr), 15 male adult healthy controls (25.7±4.7 yr) | Young’s Internet Addiction Scale (YIAS) | Bupropion | 12 weeks | IGD group: 20.5%; ibGD group: 4.7% | • After 12 weeks of treatment, IGD and ibGD symptoms decreased in both treatment groups |
• In IGD group, functional connectivity (FC) within the posterior default mode network (DMN) and between the DMN and cognitive control network (CCN) decreased following treatment | |||||||
• In IGD group, FC within the DMN was positively correlated with changes in the YIAS after treatment | |||||||
• In the ibGD group, FC within the posterior DMN decreased while FC within the CCN increased following treatment | |||||||
Han and Renshaw [10] (2012) | Prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind clinical trial | 57 male adults with excessive online game play and major depressive disorder (MDD); 29 treatment group (21.2±8.0 yr), 28 placebo group (19.1±6.2 yr) | YIAS | Bupropion | 8 weeks | 36.8% 8 weeks, 40.7% 12 weeks | • YIAS scores and time playing online games were greatly reduced in bupropion group compared to placebo group |
• Bupropion-associated reductions in online game play persisted during four-week post-treatment follow-up period | |||||||
Han et al. [21] (2010) | Open clinical trial | 11 male adults with internet video game addiction (IA; 21.5±5.6 yr), 8 male adult healthy controls (20.3±4.1 yr) | YIAS | Bupropion sustained release (SR) | 6 weeks | 15.40% | • After 6 weeks of bupropion SR, craving for internet video game play, total game play time, and cue-induced brain activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex were decreased in the IA group |
Kim et al. [19] (2012) | Open clinical trial | 65 male adolescents with excessive online game play and MDD; 32 CBT-Bupropion group (16.2±1.4 yr), 33 Bupropion group (15.9±1.6 yr) | YIAS | Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) combined with Bupropion (CBT-Bupropion group) or Bupropion alone (Bupropion-alone group) | 8 weeks | CBT-Bupropion group: 51.4% 8 weeks, 49.1% 12 weeks; Bupropion group: 33.6% 8 weeks, 33.3% 12 weeks | • After 8 weeks, CBT-Bupropion group showed significantly greater decrease in YIAS scores and mean game playing time compared to Bupropion-alone group |
• In both groups, changes in YIAS scores were positively correlated with changes in depression | |||||||
• No changes in YIAS scores or total game playing time observed in either group during the 4-week post-treatment follow-up period | |||||||
Nam et al. [26] (2017) | Prospective, controlled, double-blind clinical trial | 30 adults with IGD and MDD; 15 Bupropion group (22.9±1.9 yr), 15 Escitalopram group (23.9±1.6 yr) | YIAS | Bupropion SR or Escitalopram | 12 weeks | Not reported | • IGD and MDD symptoms in both groupsimproved after 12 weeks of treatment |
• After treatment, FC within only the DMN in escitalopram decreased, while FC between DMN and salience network decreased in bupropion SR group | |||||||
• Compared to escitalopram, bupropion SR was associated with significantly decreased FC within the salience network and between the salience network and the DMN | |||||||
Song et al. [8] (2016) | Open clinical trial | 119 male adolescents and adults with IGD; 44 Bupropion group (20.0±3.62 yr), 42 Escitalopram group (19.8±4.2 yr), 36 Observation group (19.6±4.0 yr) | YIAS | Bupropion SR or Escitalopram | 6 weeks | Bupropion group: 34.9%; Escitalopram group: 24.0% | • After 6 weeks of treatment, both bupropion SR and escitalopram groups showed greater reductions in IGD symptoms compared to a control group who was observed in the community |
• Bupropion group showed greater reductions in IGD symptoms compared to control group | |||||||
Kim et al. [22] (2017) | Open clinical trial | 20 male adults with IGD (22.71±5.47 yr), 29 male adult healthy controls (23.97±4.36 yr) | Young’s Internet Addiction Test (Y-IAT) | Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: Escitalopram, Fluoxetine, or Paroxetine | 6 weeks | 21.50% | • From pre- to post-treatment, the IGD group exhibited a significant decrease in IGD symptoms |
• Compared to healthy controls, the IGD group displayed increased resting-state electroencephalography (EEG) activity in the delta and theta bands at baseline, which normalized following treatment | |||||||
• Decreased resting-state EEG activity in delta and theta bands from pre- to post-treatment was associated with decreased IGD symptoms | |||||||
• Higher absolute theta activity at baseline predicted greater improvement in IGD symptoms following treatment, controlling for depressive and anxiety symptoms | |||||||
Lim et al. [23] (2016) | Open clinical trial | 44 young adult males with IGD (19.159±5.216 yr), 40 young adult male healthy controls (21.375±6.307 yr) | Y-IAT | Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (not specified) | 6 months | 18.7% | • From pre- to post-treatment, the IGD group showed significant reductions in IGD severity, as well as increased quality of life, response inhibition, and executive functioning |
• Low working memory functioning and high executive functioning at baseline predicted improvements in IGD symptoms among the IGD group from pre- to post-treatment | |||||||
Park et al. [24] (2017) | Open clinical trial | 18 male adults with IGD (22.6±5.1 yr), 29 male adult healthy controls (24.7±3.8 yr) | Y-IAT | Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: Escitalopram, Fluoxetine, or Paroxetine | 6 months | 22.1% | • At baseline, IGD group displayed significantly lower P300 amplitudes and delayed latencies at the midline centro-parietal site compared to healthy group |
• Significant reduction in IGD symptoms observed following 6 months of treatment | |||||||
• No significant changes in the P300 indices observed from pre- to post-treatment | |||||||
• No significant difference in ERPs was observed between responders and non-responders to 6-month treatment | |||||||
• Reduced P300 amplitudes and delayed latencies may be candidate endophenotypes in the pathophysiology of IGD | |||||||
Park et al. [25] (2018) | Open clinical trial | 30 male adults with IGD (23.27±5.15 yr), 32 male adults healthy controls (24.97± 3.70 yr) | Y-IAT | Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: Escitalopram, Fluoxetine, or Paroxetine | 6 months | 17.6% | • IGD group displayed increased beta and gamma intrahemispheric coherence and increased delta intrahemispheric coherence of the right hemisphere at baseline, compared to healthy controls |
• IGD group displayed reduced IGD symptoms following treatment compared to baseline but continued to show increased beta and gamma intrahemispheric coherence compared to healthy controls | |||||||
• IGD group did not display significant EEG coherence changes between the pre- and post-treatment assessments | |||||||
Han et al. [20] (2009) | Open, uncontrolled clinical trial | 62 children (10 females) with ADHD who played internet video games (9.3±2.2 yr) | Young’s Internet Addiction Scale-Korean version (YIAS-K) | Methylphenidate (MPH) | 8 weeks | 23.70% | • After 8 weeks of treatment, YIAS-K scores and internet usage times significantly reduced compared to baseline |
• Changes in YIAS-K scores were associated with changes in inattention and visual attention | |||||||
Park et al. [7] (2016) | Prospective, randomized, controlled, single-blind clinical trial | 84 male adolescents with ADHD and IGD; 44 MPH group (16.9±1.6 yr), 40 ATM group (17.1±1.0 yr) | YIAS | MPH or Atomoxetine (ATM) | 12 weeks | MPH group: 32.8%; ATM group: 19.0% | • Both MPH and ATM reduced symptoms of IGD |
• Changes in IGD symptoms were associated with changes in impulsivity | |||||||
• No significant differences observed in IGD symptom or impulsivity reduction between MPH and ATM group |
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